https://jurnalmandiri.com/index.php/mandiri <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>JURNAL MANDIRI</strong> : Ilmu Pengetahuan, Seni, dan Teknologi,&nbsp;is an independent journal containing not only ideas of the results of research, studies, and scientific work but also community service in various fields of science, art, and technology. Jurnal Mandiri : Ilmu Pengetahuan, Seni dan Teknologi published by Lembaga Kajian Demokrasi dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (LKD-PM). Published twice a year, namely in June and December. JURNAL MANDIRI is issued with permission from LIPI with Number P-ISSN: 2580-3220 and E-ISSN: 2580-4588.</p> en-US syambatubara@lkd-pm.com (Syamruddin) jurnalmandiri@lkd-pm.com (Admin J.MANDIRI) Wed, 10 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000 OJS 3.1.1.4 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60